The UPR inducer DPP23 inhibits the metastatic potential of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by targeting the Akt–IKK–NF-κB–MMP-9 axis

(E)-3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (DPP23) is a synthetic polyphenol derivative that selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells through the unfolded protein response pathway. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of DPP23 on tumour invasion and metastasis. Here, we show that DPP23 inhibited tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced motility, F-actin formation, and the invasive capability of MDA-MB-231 cells. DPP23 inhibited NF-κB-dependent MMP-9 expression at the transcriptional level. Akt is involved in the activation of IKK, an upstream regulator of NF-κB. DPP23 inhibited IKK and Akt, and knockdown of Akt2 significantly inhibited TNFα-induced IKK phosphorylation. We found that DPP23 bound to the catalytic domain of Akt2, as revealed by an in silico molecular docking analysis. These results suggest that DPP23 prevents TNFα-induced invasion of highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by inhibiting Akt-IKK-NF-κB axis-mediated MMP-9 gene expression. In addition, DPP23 attenuated experimental liver metastasis in a syngenic intrasplenic transplantation model using 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Collectively, these results suggest that DPP23 could be used as a potential platform for the prevention of invasion and metastasis of early-stage breast cancer or as an adjuvant for chemo/radiotherapy.